Scientific Name

Boa orophias 

Described and named by Carl Linne (1707-1778).  Better known as Linnaeus, he is responsible for inventing the system we use today to name, rank and classify living organisms.

Holotype

A specimen currently in the Museum de Geer with 280 ventrals is taken to be Linnaeus’ type, fide Andersson (1899).

Type Locality

None designated; here restricted to Praslin, Saint Lucia.

Subspecies

None.

Synonyms

• Breton, 1665:
• Dog’s head  Du Tertre, 1667:
• Boa orophias  Linnaeus, 1758: 215
• Boa orophias  Linne, 1759: 76
• Boa ophrias  Linnaeus, 1766: 374
• Constrictor orophias  Laurenti, 1768: 109
• Boa ophrias  Muller, 1774: 150
• Boa ophrias  Linnaeus, 1788: 1084
• Boa ophrias  Pulteney, 1789: 110
• Boa ophrias  Bonnaterre, 1790: 8
• Boa ophrias  Suckow, 1798: 164
• Boa ophrias  Lacepede, 1798: 126  [127]
• Boa ophrias  Buffon, 1799: 178  [179]
• Boa ophrias  Lacepede, 1799: 220
• Boa orophias  Schneider, 1801: 251
• Boa ophrias  Daudin, 1802: 326
• Boa ophrias  Latreille, 1802: 147
• Boa ophryas  Shaw, 1802: 345
• Boa ophrias  Daudin, 1803: 128  [129]
• Boa ophrias  Rafinesque, 1815: 77
• Boa orophias  Merrem, 1820: 88
• Boa orophias  Lacepede, 1832: 326
• Constrictor diviniloquus  Gmelin, 1839: 239  [240]  [241]  [242]
• Boa orophryas and Boa ophryas  : 41
• Boa diviniloqua  Dumeril and Bibron, 1844: 6: 515  [516]  [517]  [518]  [519]
• Boa diviniloqua  : 100  [101]
• Boa diviniloqua  
• Boa diviniloquax  Dumeril & Bibron, 1854: 326
• Boa orophias  Cuvier, 1855: 411
• Boa diviniloquax  Jan, 1863: 23
• Boa diviniloquax Jan, 1864: pl. IV
• Boa diviniloquax var. mexicana Jan, 1864: pl. V
• Boa diviniloquax Jan, 1865: 81  [82]  [80]
• Boa diviniloquax   Cope, 1877: 65
• Boa diviniloquax var. mexicana   Cope, 1877: 65
• Boa diviniloquax  Brown, 1891: 17  (erroneously)
• Boa diviniloqua  Brown, 1893: 429
• Boa diviniloqua  (erroneously)
• Boa diviniiloqua  Mole & Urich, 1895: 83
• Boa diviniloqua  : 101  [102]  [103]  [359]
• Boa ophrias  Andersson, 1899: 33
• Constrictor orophias  Stejneger, 1902: 184  [185]
• Constrictor orophias  : 329  [330]
• Boa diviniloqua  : 252
• Boa diviniloquus  Barbour & Amaral, 1924: 129
• Constrictor constrictor orophias  : 142
• Constrictor orophias  : 108
• Constrictor orophias  Grant, 1932: 344
• Constrictor constrictor orophias  Dunn, 1934: 108  [111]
• Constrictor constrictor orophias  : 132
• Constrictor orophias  : 405
• Constrictor constrictor orophias  : 151  [152]
• Constrictor constrictor orophias   [262]  [263]  [264]  [265]  [268]  [269]  [270]  [272]
• Boa constrictor orophias 
• Boa constrictor orophias  : 37
• Boa constrictor orophias 
• Boa constrictor orophias 
• Boa constrictor orophias  : 84
• Boa constrictor orophias  : 216
• Boa constrictor orophias 
• Boa constrictor orophias  Liner, 1994: 15
• Boa constrictor orophias  : 13
• Boa orophias  Walls, 1998: 62
• Boa constrictor orophias  Crother, Censky & Kaiser, 1999: 213  [214]
• Boa constrictor orophias  Tipton, 2005: 40
• Boa orophias  
• Boa constrictor orophias
• Boa orophias 
• Boa orophias 
• Boa orophias : 8
• Boa orophias  : 195
• Boa orophias : 37
• Boa orophias  Lescure et al, 2020: 62  [67]  [fig 2]
• Boa orophias  Thorpe & Malhotra, 2023:  1-14

Common Name

Saint Lucia Boa, Saint Lucian Boa, Tet’chien (french for “Dog Head”).

Taxonomic history

The earliest mention of Boa orophias comes from Father Du Tertre in 1667 when writing about Martinique and Sainte Alouzie (Lucia).  While describing the serpents of Saint Lucia he wrote: “there meets Snakes as in the island of Martinique, but they are not so dangerous. There is a species that is called dog’s head…. They bite more frequently than the others but their venom is not so subtle or so bad as that of the Serpent of Martinique” .

Dumeril remarked, in 1854, “The first, of which the Museum has only had a single copy for a long time, which had been brought back alive from the island of Saint Lucia by Mr. Arthus Fleury, is the Boa diviniloque (Boa diviniloquus).  This island of the Antilles seems to be, until now, the almost exclusive homeland of this elegant Ophidian. The magnificent metallic reflections of its integuments, which are adorned with the most beautiful blue or greenish shades, depending on the play of light, explain its vulgar name of Blue Boa.  Six subjects of this species have been procured in these last three years by the care of a traveler, M. de Bonnecour, who has stayed in Saint Lucia. They all endured captivity fairly well, for the one who succumbed the most quickly did not die until half a year; two others lived about eighteen months; a third for more than twenty-seven months” .

Andersson (1899) wrote, “The authors seem to have been doubtful about the identification of this snake. Schlegel considers it to be a variety of Boa constrictor.  Duméril and Bibron reckoned one of Laurenti’s species, Constrictor divinoloquus, though with ?, as a synonym to this; so also does Boulenger.  I am now able to prove that Linneaus’s Boa ophrias is the same as the Boa divinoloqua of the authors, which thus ought to be named
Boa ophrias (L.)” (Andersson 1899).

Per Lazell (1964) the oldest available name for a Lesser Antillean form is Boa orophias (Linnaeus, 1758).  The ventral count provided without doubt assigns the name to the Saint Lucian boa since no other boa in the genus has 281 ventral scales.  The name diviniloqua, used by Dumeril & Bibron  (1844) was originally assigned by Laurenti in 1768.  Lazell then reasons diviniloqua, sensu Dumeril & Bibron, is a junior synonym of orophias.  Diviniloquus, sensu Laurenti does not apply to any other Lesser Antillean boa.  Of the two boas, Saint Lucia and Dominica forms, it could only apply to orophias.  The few specimens in collections, both Dominica and Saint Lucia forms, have always been referred to as orophias.  In 1935 Stull combined the Saint Lucia and Dominica forms under orophias and differentiated them at the species level (constrictor orophias).  Lazell stopped short of assigning the boa full species status; he used the stepped-cline series and determined the boa to be the middle member of three steps .

Price and Russo in their description of Boa constrictor longicauda recommended, without justification, the Saint Lucia Boa be elevated to full species . Bosch   also recommended elevating the Clouded Boa to full species. In 1998 Walls made the same recommendation. It was not until 2007, when Bonny made a relevant and substantial case for the elevation to full species that the Saint Lucia Boa was finally recognized as a full species. Henderson and Powell agreed with Bonny, acknowledging his work in 2009 .

Description and taxonomic notes

Dorsal scale rows at mid-body 65-75, ventral scales 270-288.  Dark brown cross bands dorsally, generally broken from the lateral blotches, giving the appearance of being offset from each other.  Dark subrectangular dorsal saddles numbering 27-31 to vent.  Rich brown ventral coloration turning to white from vent to tail tip.  White coloration with black or gray spotting.  Distinct and complete subocular stripe; loreal is largely obsolete; infralabials and chin pigment do not correspond to the facial stripes.  Convex canthus with a prominent snout .

Lazell pointed out that several morphological characters differ in Boa orophias compared to Boa constrictor.  These are scale size increased compared to Boa constrictor (resulting in decrease in dorsal scale rows at midbody), number of transverse saddles, darkness of coloration, irregularity of pattern, obliteraion of facial markings and convexity of the canthus, highest average number of ventral scales.  Lazell hypothesized the evolutionary relationships of the Lesser Antillean Boa species and came to conclude that they were a result from a northward moving of the species.  He termed this stepped-cline series displaying geographic variation .

Distribution

Saint Lucia.

Brown and several other authors, name the distribution St. Kitts . This is in error.  The species is exclusively found on the island of Saint Lucia, where it occupies, almost exactly, the same habitats as Bothrops caribbaeus.  Surprisingly, Lazell could not confirm a cohabitation of the two species .  Found from sea level to about 500 meters in elevation (Smith pers. comm.).

Habitat

On Saint Lucia the mean annual temperature is 25.56°C and the mean annual precipitation is 2330.05 mm.  Rainfall differs across the island with about 1500 mm in the north and south ends and around 3700 mm at Edmund and Quiles in the south-central mountainous area.  Saint Lucia has a tropical maritime climate throughout the year with some relief from the high temperatures and humidity being offered by the easterly (trade) winds that blow from the northeast.  Although it rains during every month of the year, there is a well-defined rainy or wet season that occurs between June and November.  Precipitation during the wet season comes mainly from tropical waves, depressions, storms and hurricanes, which occur frequently over this region owing to its geographical location within the Atlantic hurricane belt.  The tropical cyclone season typically lasts from late June until October, with severe tropical storms in November.  The drier months are from January to May .

Saint Lucia is a volcanic mountainous island with a total land area of 616 km2.  Its coastline measures 158 km, with the capital town Castries, located in a bay on the northwest coast of the island.  The island’s topography consists of a narrow coastal ridge with deep valleys and rugged mountains in the central region.  Its lowest point is at the Caribbean Sea (sea level) and the highest point on the island, Mount Gimie of the south-central mountain clusters, reaches 950 meters.  Forest composition on the island consists of scrub forest, open woodland, grassland, rain forest, montane thicket, mangrove, secondary natural forest, elfin woodland and plantation forest .

Since the distributions of Bothrops caribbaea and Boa orophias are largely coastal and overlap completely, with B. orophias ranging to slightly higher elevations (around 350 meters) it was suggested that this might be an indication of a “relatively recent colonization combined with a slow spread through the inhabited areas that provide sufficient rodent abundance” .

During a DNA collection trip to Saint Lucia in 2003, Peter Taylor (pers. comm.) writes, “We were allowed to enter and do our research with the permission of the St. Lucia Forestry Dept.  Even the St. Lucia public is not allowed into this protected area without accompaniment…the mile long reservoir is a public water supply.  The southern end feeder streams margins draining into the reservoir serve as excellent habitat for vipers and boas as the natural openings in the forest they create allow sunlight to reach ground level.  A lot of the snakes we encountered of the both species were females.  We suspect the stream edges provide gestative basking areas for snakes in reproductive condition.  The steams are very rocky and bolder strewn, the rocks getting larger and larger the further in you go to the point of a mile or less before the terrain and obstacles make the situation impenetrable”.

He continues, “That area contains some of the healthiest and least disturbed habitat on the island and is where the high profile endangered St. Lucia Amazon parrot has its strongest remaining populations”.

In 2003 a DNA collection trip was conducted on Saint Lucia for Boa orophias and the endemic species of Bothrops.  A link to the video entitled, “St. Lucia Boa DNA sampling in the wild“, is here.

Tyler reported that this snake was found in great numbers in (sugar) cane-pieces . Bonny reports that the boa is not rare on the island and can be found in forest, banana and coco plantations. According to locals, the boas can be found also on the slopes of Mt. Gimie. It is absent from dry habitats in the north and south of the island .  A juvenile Boa orophias was found in a cavity of an acomat boucan tree 7.22 meters off the ground .  The species has a limited distribution as it is found only on this island.

In comparison with Boa constrictor, Boa orophias is more slender.  It might also be smaller as the largest specimens collected by Lazell measured 2.365 m, a male collected from Anse La Raye (MCZ 75847) and 2.305 m (a female collected from Praslin (MCZ 75848).  However, Lazell mentioned that he observed a considerably larger Boa orophias at Anse-La-Raye, but had no intention of collecting it .

Bonny describes a 10 year old captive bred female in his possession with a length of 2.44 m and a mass of 8.4 kg.  He notes that typically Boa constrictor of the same length have at least 30-40% more mass than Boa orophias . Tyler writes that the St. Lucia Boa reaches generally lengths from eight to ten feet (2.44 m – 3.05 m) and it is rarely found longer than fourteen feet (4.27 m) .  Henderson and Powell state that the ancestor of Boa orophias has been isolated for at least 2 million years and that the potential for gene flow between the islands is virtually nil .

Longevity

We assume Boa orophias can live equally as long as its congeners.

Reproduction

Much of the reproduction knowledge we have stems from captive breedings. These found that litter sizes were smaller and that mating season starts in mid-end of December and lasts until mid March (T. Wilkins, J. Murray, see below) and .  A wild caught Boa orophias gave birth to 23 young in July .

Behavior

B. orophias were referred to as “large tree snakes” by Barbour .  Young and semi-adult boas are frequently encountered in trees .  J Murray found that adult boas tend to climb more than its congeners, if given the opportunity to do so.  Their slender stature might be an indication of a more arboreal lifestyle.  Lazell (1964) and Walls (1998) remarked about the boas’ sedentary habit, as they sometimes occupy the same log or burrow for several years.  Du Tertre (1667) states they appear more frequently in the months of May & April, which would coincide with the boas’ breeding season.

Diet

Bat predation is not uncommon in West Indian Boas as reviewed in and . A juvenile Boa orophias (weight 396.9 g, total length 110 cm), was observed in the trunk of an acomat boucan tree feeding on a gravid Brachyphylla cavernarum (67g). Unlike either the Cuban or the Puerto Rican boas, which were observed capturing bats in flight, the St. Lucia boa was observed preying upon resting individuals .  Also rats, birds, cats, rabbits, fowls, and all small animals .

Captive management and captive population

Adult Boa orophias are well behaved and hardy captives.  T. Wilkins bred Boa orophias five times (pers. comm.), J. Murray bred the adults twice (1996 & 1998), Chad Brown bred his adults once.  Litter sizes were relatively small compared to most species of Boa constrictor – mean litter size consisted of 8 babies.  All J. Murray and C. Brown stock came from offspring produced by T. Wilkins.

The babies are born laterally compressed compared to all other species in the genus Boa.  Captive bred young are especially nervous and will hiss and/or strike at the first sign of movement on the keeper’s part.  This is to the detriment of all feeding attempts as the youngsters are too focused on the keeper and ignore all offered food.  Defrosted fuzzy mice were left in overnight; the rodents were placed at the entrance to the hide, with the entrance to the hide facing the back of the tub.  This minimized any contact with the babies and was helpful in getting them to feed.  Boa orophias was also bred by several European private breeders (K. Bonny) from the 1980’s to the early 2000’s.

Today this species is a very rare sight in private collections and we are unaware of any recent successful breedings.  We feel this boa is a good candidate for legal export from the Island and placed in ex situ breeding programs undertaken by responsible institutions and collectors in the private sector.  This boa is a prime candidate for the Invisible Ark.

Conservation, threats and population size in the wild

CITES:  Appendix II
St. Lucia joined CITES on 15 December, 1982; entry into force on 15 March, 1983.

IUCN Red List: Endangered (EN)

Catologue of Life:  (click here)

The National Center for Biotechnology Information:  (click here)

CITES import/export data:  (click here)

The IUCN provided the following for their 20 July, 2015 rating of EN:

Listed as Endangered on the basis that this species has an extent of occurrence of 270 km2 and area of occupancy calculated as 48 km2, and occurs at fewer than five locations defined by varied threats mainly from habitat loss and persecution. A population decline has been reported and is ongoing, and while this does not appear to be at a rate approaching 30% over three generations there is a continuing decline in the number of individuals, as well as in the extent and quality of its habitat and, once planned development is underway, it will certainly undergo a decline in its area of occupancy and number of locations.

Tyler wrote that the Boa was welcomed in the sugar cane fields because it preys on rats, however, the natives seem to have feared the snake to a great deal, so much that “few natives can be induced to touch or even approach very near to it” .  This situation has only marginally improved, if at all, since boas are still frequently killed on Saint Lucia .  It is often killed because of its superficial resemblance to the pit viper Bothrops caribbaeus .

Corke investigated the conservation needs for the terrestrial herpetofauna of the different Windward Islands.  He did not put a larger focus on the Boa fauna as he states that Boas remain relatively frequently reported on all the islands to which they are native .  Reynolds and Henderson, in line with IUCN,  consider the species as Endangered (EN).  We have seen no evidence of any study indicating the population numbers on the island and whether they have decreased in recent decades.  All written material indicates the boas are common where found.

Recently there has been a spate of killing and eating or mistreating the endemic boa.  It is featured in the local online paper here.

A technical report from 2009 lists the wildlife use in saint Lucia. The report states that: The boa is being used for at least two uses: as a tourist attraction (or sometimes to attract Saint Lucians) and to produce snake oil. Snake oil is apparently especially valued, and valuable, in the French territories (Martinique, Guadeloupe) and may be exported to them. Local producers may also produce snake oil for friends/relatives (e.g. on request) rather than for sale. The Forestry Department do issue a small number of licences to collect boas .

In line with the snake oil use stated in the report from 2009 is what Jenny Daltry communicated to us. Ms. Daltry is working with the re:wild and Fauna & Flora International organizations as Caribbean Alliance Director. She told us that she has heard anecdotal reports, of boas being harvested for their fat and trafficked to Martinique. While hard/quantitative evidence is lacking, the Head of the Wildlife Unit (Saint Lucia Forestry Department) recently told her that a live boa was found at the regional airport near Castries, which he inferred to have escaped while being trafficked.

The phenomenon of snake oil usage might pose a threat yet not fully accounted for or understood.  Ms. Dalrty told us that she recently photographed snake oil for sale also at a tourist craft shop in Dominica, which indicates that both endemic Boa species  are affected by this (J. Daltry in litt. March 2024)

The CIA World Factbook lists the following environmental threats for Saint Lucia: deforestation; soil erosion, particularly in the northern region .

The map below illustrates the extent of habitat destruction and alteration as a result of development and agriculture on the island.

On display in these Zoos

Boa orophias is not maintained in any zoo worldwide, that we are aware of.

Luring Lucians

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Links to further photographs

Boa orophias from Anse la Raye

Boa orophias from Anse la Raye

Citations