Scientific Name

Chilabothrus chrysogaster  relicquus 

Described and named by Barbour and Shreve. Dr. Thomas Barbour (1884–1946) was an American zoologist working at the Harvard Museum from 1911 to 1946. In 1927 he was Director and Custodian of the Harvard Biological Station and Botanical Garden, Soledad, Cuba. Benjamin Shreve (1908–1985) was a volunteer herpetologist at the Harvard Museum of Comparative Zoology; he was from a wealthy family of jewelers.

Holotype

Museum Comparative Zoology no. 37891.  Collected by J. Greenway, 1934.

Type Locality

Sheep Cay, Great Inagua Island, Bahama Islands.

Synonyms

• Epicrates relicquus
• Epicrates relicquus : 131
• Epicrates striatus relicquus : 150
• Epicrates angulifer relicquus : 74
• Epicrates striatus relicquus
• Epicrates striatus relicquus
• Epicrates chrysogaster relicquus   [94]
• Epicrates chrysogaster relicquus
• Epicrates chrysogaster relicquus
• Epicrates chrysogaster relicquus
• Epicrates chrysogaster relicquus
• Epicrates chrysogaster relicquus  : 19
• Epicrates chrysogaster relicquus  Tipton, 2005: 44
• Epicrates chrysogaster relicquus  : 105
• Chilabothrus chrysogaster relicquus : 10
• Chilabothrus chrysogaster relicquus  : 282
• Chilabothrus chrysogaster relicquus :  37

Relicquus is derived from the Latin for "remaining" or "surviving" relic.

Discovery of C.c. relicquus:  Greenway and his wife accompanied Barbour on his last voyage aboard Allison Armour's yacht, the Utowana during February, 1934. The first landfall of any consequence was Great Inagua on 25-27 February. Greenway decided to swim to Sheep Cay from the yacht's launch, whereupon he captured a new racer and a new boa. The racer was named Alsophis vudii utowanae and the boa was described and named Chrysogaster c. relicquus by Barbour and Shreve in 1935 (Henderson & Powell 2004).

Common Name

Southern Bahamas boa.

Description and taxonomic remarks

Chilabothrus chrysogaster relicquus is characterized by the following combination of characters (N = 3): SVL of 810 mm in males and 1310 mm SVL in the female; high number of ventral scales (269–275) in males and 270 in the female, high number of ventrals + subcaudals (363 in 1 female), high number of dorsal scale rows at midbody (46–47), modally 14 supralabials with 2 entering the eye, modally 17 infralabials, dorsal pattern consisting of a series of angulate dorsal blotches which may be fused to each other or to the prominent ventrolateral series of secondary blotches that extend almost to the dorsal-ventral junction .

* Source 

Above: C.c. relicquus entry in the MCZ's catalogue. Photo MCZ

In regards to its size, Tolson and Henderson categorized C. chrysogaster as a medium sized member of the genus Chilabothrus (referred to as Epicrates at the time and thus included South American Rainbow Boas) .  We agree with that view since five species exist in the genus Chilabothrus that are smaller in size and weight (Chilabothrus ampelophis, C. fordii, C. gracilis, C. granti, C. monensis), however, C. c. chrysogaster and C. c. relicquus are by no means large.

Evolution

Neither Fossil, nor subfossil remains of Chilabothrus chrysogaster relicquus have been found to date. A study based on molecular data (while not discriminating between the different subspecies) suggests that Chilabothrus chrysogaster is on an isolated evolutionary trajectory for the last 4.1 Million years . While the analysis could not differentiate between the subspecies, since it did not include genetic material from Great Inagua or Sheep Cay, we continue to assume that C. c. relicquus is the closest relative to C. c. chrysogaster. Further genetic studies are required to see if the close chromatological and morphological resemblance between C. c. chrysogaster and C. c. relicquus is reflected on the genetic level or if the relationship is less tight than expected. We are curiously waiting.

Distribution

Great Inagua and Sheep Cay, Bahama Islands.

The two subspecies of Chilabothrus chrysogaster occur on different Islands, click on the flags get information

Habitat

One specimen was found inside of a log in Cocos grove on Great Inagua . Great Inagua Island in the 1930’s appeared, from the sea, heavily wooded; especially so on the west and north shores.  The woods on these two shores were almost impossible to penetrate.  The trees and shrubbery were of xerophytic types whereas the North East Point was wooded across its entire width.  The opposite sides of the island, both east and south were extremely barren, with all plant life short-bushes mostly no higher than the knee.  While sea grapes reached six to eight feet on the north and west side, they rarely exceeded one and a half feet on the east and south sides .

The center of the island has a lake somewhat rectangular in circumference, ten by twenty  miles,  and only three to four feet deep.  Within the lake there were hundreds of “islands” of various size, some extremely low and others reaching heights of forty feet.  From the shore of the lake to within a few miles of the coast the land consisted of plain or savanna.  Very little vegetation grows on the plain, other than a thin growth of buttonwood trees and thatch palm.  During rains the lake increases in size, covering much of the savanna making it impassable.  It is assumed this regular flooding and receding process has prohibited reptile life on the island .  While flooding may not be the entire reason for the lack of reptile life, when coupled with the lack of tree and plant life to support a reptile fauna, it makes for a stronger case.  Still, the most important cause is likely geological in nature.

Historically speaking, the Caicos Bank appears to be shoaling.  The West Indies Pilot (I: 84) states:  There is no doubt that Caicos Bank will, in the course of time, become one island.  All evidence points to its constant shoaling.  Historical accounts of the pursuits of piratical craft across the bank by naval vessels in the eighteenth and early part of the nineteenth century indicate that even 100 years ago deep channels existed where today a vessel drawing but six feet of water has to proceed with caution….

It is assumed Inagua rose above the sea in much the way of the Caicos Bank.  There are recent examples of uplift to support this claim.  Five miles east of Polacca Point is a beach now two hundred feet from and fourteen feet above the surface of the sea.  On the south coast is Salt Pond Hill,  a beach that is quite a distance from the shore .

Longevity

No data exists regarding the longevity in nature or captivity. We assume the species can live equally long as its closest relative Chilabothrus c. chrysogaster.

Reproduction

No data regarding the reproductive biology of this subspecies exists. We assume this taxon has a similar reproductive biology as the nominate subspecies.

Behavior

Presumably C. c. relicquus is, like all members of the genus, an active nocturnal forager. Very few observations on the behavior of C. c. relicquus have been made and none have been published.

Diet

While the diet of the nominate subspecies has been documented on several accounts, no research or anecdotes have been published for the relicquus subspecies. We assume that C. c. relicquus is similar in it’s dietary habits to C. c. chrysogaster.

Captive management and captive population

We assume the relicquus is similar in maintenance requirements as Chilabothrus chrysogaster.  Very few of these boas have ever been maintained in captivity and that was 50 or so years ago.

Conservation status, threats and population size in nature

CITES:  Appendix II
Bahamas joined CITES on 20 July, 1979; entry into force on 18 September, 1979.

IUCN Red List:  None

Catalogue of Life:  (click here)

The National Center for Biotechnology Information:  (click here)

CITES import/export data:  (click here)

In regards to the abundance of Chilabothrus chrysogaster relicquus Buden notes: “Of interest is the apparent rarity of E. chrysogaster on Inagua and the islands of the Crooked-Acklins Bank, which are, for the most part, more mesic than the Turks and Caicos Islands and seemingly more suitable for a population of Epicrates” .  45 years after this statement had been published, we still know very little about Chilabothrus chrysogaster relicquus.  Barbour and Shreve thought it to be extinct from Great Inagua as a result of introduced feral animals . Buden considered it rare .

Apparently the boas are still on Great Inagua, though difficult to find (Reynolds pers. comm.). However, no research has been published about population densities, population trends, absolute number of snakes on the islands, exact distributional records, ecology, habitat preferences, habitat size and threats. This lack of knowledge makes any conservation initiative a gamble for investing the resources rightfully.

Knowledge from other islands points us to focus on introduced species. Several neozoa are present on Great Inagua. Pigs were introduced in the early 20th century to Great Inagua and are a particular concern in locations where native species are already struggling. Efforts must be made to eliminate or reduce population sizes whenever possible . Interstingly Borroto-Páez and Woods list dogs, pigs, horse and donkey as introduced mammal species for Great Inagua, but have not found rats, mice, cats or mongoose on this island . This is astonishing, since the black ship rat Rattus rattus is commonly found on islands and cays throughout the West Indies. Buden wrote in 1974 “I have seen presumptive R. rattus even on the most bleak and barren islets of the Turks and Caicos banks, where the species is able to subsist under extreme xeric conditions apparently without benefit of resources provided by humans.” .

In an overview article over the Conservation of the Bahamian herpetofauna, Knapp et al. considered the major threats to be inappropriate development, apathy, over-exploitation of wildlife, lack of law enforcement, hurricanes, introduced species, and disturbance by tourist activities . The same authors remark that environmental protection is a challenge in the Bahamas, and some parks remain “parks on paper”. For example Great Inagua has one warden for two national parks…

Given the level and pace of development in support of the tourism industry and personal residences on the islands and cays, the future outlook for these boas, and everywhere else in the Caribbean, is cause for great concern.  As habitat loss increases and prey availability is affected, these boas appear extinction bound. When coupled with introduced feral animals that prey upon the boas, compete for their prey resources and the increasing frequency of natural disasters, scientists must complete their research projects while they can.

Interestingly Knapp et al. didn’t list human caused climate change as a particular threat. Considering that their article was written a decade ago, this might seem understandable. The tables have turned rapidly and and climate is changing as we write these sentences. Thus, we see climate change as the biggest threat, since it will alter the habitats of C. c. relicquus and other species in unprecedented ways over a very short time span.

The non-existence of a captive population prevents attempts for ex situ conservation. We would therefore praise any concerted approach that involves collaboration between in situ conservation and breeding programs, academic research and ex situ breeding programs. We are open for collaboration to any measure that ensures species survival in situ and ex situ. How long can these beautiful and wonderfully unique  boas continue their tenuous grasp on life in the West Indies?  We know no more about this boa than when it was described 80+ years ago.  We consider this subspecies a prime candidate for the Invisible Ark.

The CIA World Factbook lists the following environmental threats for The Bahamas: coral reef decay; solid waste disposal

The maps below illustrate the extent of habitat destruction and alteration due to development and agriculture.

On display in these Zoos

Currently we are unaware of any live Chilabothrus chrysogaster in Zoo or academic collections anywhere in the world. If you have further information, please notify us.

Further photographs of the Southern Bahamas Boa

Chilabothrus chrysogaster relicquus Great Inagua Island, Picture by Joseph Burgess

Citations